The Economics Behind Green Revolution In India History Essay

The Economics Behind Green Revolution In India History Essay In the year 1943, India faced one of the worlds worst recorded food disaster, known as the Bengal Famine. The famine took a toll of 4 million people in eastern India alone. The reasons forwarded for this famine was an acute shortfall in the food production in that area. However, the noted economist Amartya Sen believed that the hysteria related to the World War II was a more important factor which made food supplies a low priority for the British rulers. After Independence also, India continued its emphasis on the food production scenario to feed its evergrowing population . To this effect India promoted the Green Revolution during the period 1967-78, focussing mainly on wheat, rice, corn and millets. Prior to 1967, the efforts to achieve a higher level of food production were not very successful. Durng this period the main emphasis was on increasing the total area under food production. The results were nor very enthusiastic. People were still dying of hunger. The rate of growth of population was still higher than the rate of growth of food production. To prevent this government took drastic measures and announced the green revolution. As we mentioned above, the total area under food production was being continually increased after 1947 and this continued to increase even after 1967 to meet the growing demands of food. However, this was not the most striking feature of Green Revolution. Double Cropping of area already under production The area under production was cropped only once a year prior to the green revolution. The government encouraged and developed means to double crop the existing farmlands. This was the most striking and important feature of Green Revolution in India. The one cropping per season was being done owing to the single natural monsoon season in the country. For the double cropping to be successful, government built huge irrigation facilities. Dams were made to capture the huge amount of natural rain water which was earlier wasted. Using improved seeds for production This was made possible through heavy investment in Research and Development. The Indian Council for Agricultural Research was responsible for development of High Yielding Variety of seeds, mainly wheat and rice but also corn and millet. K68 variety of seed for wheat was the most noteworthy of all seeds developed. Developed by Dr. M.P. Singh, this seed was by far the most important contributor to Green Revolution, thus, Dr. M.P. Singh is rightly called the father of Green Revolution in India. Logic of Green Revolution in Economic Development Nationwide agricultural growth with productivity growth The Green Revolution lead to a bumper rise in the overall production and productivity of foodgrains in India and wheat and rice in particular. The farmers were benefitted the most because of higher returns on their investment. They had a bumper produce due to the HYV seeds. Uplifting income of majority of population (rural population) to a certain level The income of a majority of the farmers was increased due to the introduction of HYV seeds as the yields had increased. They were now better off than they were before they used the HYV seeds. Thus, the standard of living of Indian Rural population rose. Thus creating a large market for non-agricultural products and services With the sudden surge in the standard of living the rural population started demanding more of non agricultural products thereby raising their demand in the market which led to a surge in the production of these goods and services. Development of non-agricultural sector in a sustainable manner Thus, the development of agricultural sector gave way to the development of non agricultural sector also, contributing to the overall growth of the economy. Economic Impact of the Green Revolution As mentioned above, Green revolution had a major impact on the economic conditions of India. The major ones are explained below: High yielding variety of seed needed more water, more fertilisers, more fungicides, pesticides and other chemicals. This raised the demand for these products and therby, led to a growth of the non agricultural local manufacturing sector. This growth created more jobs and increased the countrys GDP. Dams that were created for providing irrigation facilities by storing natural rain water were also used for generating hydro electricity. This created new jobs, boosted industrial growth and raised the standard of living of people in rural sector. All the loans that India took from the World Bank and its affiliates were paid back because of the success of green revolution. This helped in making India creditworthy in the eyes of lending agencies and other countries. The green revolution resulted in a huge demand for labour, thus, providing them more employment and, as a result, raising the overall standard of living. Some developed countries, like Canada, were very impressed with the success of Green Revolution in India, they requested Indian Government to help them in implementing the Green Revolution in their country. Indian Government sent some farmers, who were already well versed with the techniques of Green Revolution, from Punjab and Haryana to Canada and got them settled there. This is the reason why there are so many Punjabi speaking Indian origin citizens in Canada today. These people also transferred a part of their earnings to India at that time, therenby, raising Indias foreign exchange earnings. Statistical Results of Green Revolution Green Revolution was a major hit in India and it had the following numerical results: India produced 131 million tons of food grains in 1978-79. India was thus established as the worlds biggest agricultural producer. Not only this, India for the first time, became a net exporter of foodgrains during this period. The yield of our farmlands grew significantly by 30 percent from 1947 to 1979. The total crop area using High Yielding Variety of seeds significantly grew from 7% to 22% of the total cultivated area. Thus, adding to the overall production of food grains.

Events Before Rizal Essay

Significant Events of the 19th Century ï‚â€" The collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. Liberalism became the preeminent reform movement in Europe. The 19th century was an era of invention and discovery, with significant developments in technological advances of the 20th century. The Industrial Revolution began in Europe. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines. World events (cont.) ï‚â€" Advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease thus, accelerating population growth in the western world. ï‚â€" Slavery was greatly reduced around the world and banning slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. ï‚â€" Britain abolished slavery in 1834, America’s 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. French Revolution ï‚â€" A period of radical social and political upheaval in France where the absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. ï‚â€" The Storming of the Bastille and the subsequent Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was the catalyst of the French Revolution. ï‚â€" As a result, A republic was proclaimed in September 1792 and King Louis XVI was executed the next year. The Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Louis XVI Executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. He was the only king of France ever to be executed. The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte ï‚â€" 1804–1814 ï‚â€" The First French Empire by Napolà ©on Bonaparte. ï‚â€" It brought order to France after the French Revolution. ï‚â€" His reign ushered Europe the Napoleonic Wars. ï‚â€" French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe, but collapsed rapidly after France’s disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812. ï‚â€" As a direct result of the Napoleonic wars the British Empire became the foremost world power for the next century. Napoleon Bonaparte Le Petit Corporal Battle of Austerlitz also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, as one of Napoleon Bonaparte’s greatest victories, effectively destroying the Third Coalition against the French Empire. French Failed Invasion of Russia December 1812 Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow December 1812 Out of an original force of 500,000– 600,000, only 40,000 frost-bitten and half starved survivors stumbled back into France. Battle of Waterloo 18 June 1815 The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon’s rule as the French emperor, and marked the end of Napoleon’s Hundred Days of return from exile. The Rise of the Pax Britannica ï‚â€"Britain’s Imperial Century ï‚â€"It lasted from 1815 to 1914 ï‚â€"Around 10,000,000 square miles (25,899,881 km2) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. The British Empire Battle of Trafalgar October 1805 The battle was the most decisive British naval victory of the war. Nelson was shot on the quarterdeck. He died three hours later. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. He commanded the allied army which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo during the Hundred Days in 1815. Latin-American War of Independence ï‚â€" Lasted from 18th and early 19th centuries. ï‚â€" Haiti became the first colony to rebel against France and became independent in 1804. ï‚â€" Soon after, Mexico, Brazil and the rest of South America gradually gained their independence. ï‚â€" This weakened Spain and Portugal as they are depended with their Latin American colonies for raw materials. ï‚â€" This map shows the time period of the different war of independence in South America beginning with Haiti. Battle of Carabobo Venezuela Battle of San Domingo Haiti Independence of Brazil 1822 Battle of Boyaca Colombia Liberatores Simon Bolivar Peru Central South America Bernardo O’Higgins Chile Jose de San Martin Argentina Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Mexico El Grito de Dolores Franà §ois-Dominique Toussaint L’ouverture Haiti Opium Wars ï‚â€" Also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, were the climax of trade disputes and diplomatic difficulties between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire after China sought to restrict British opium traffickers. ï‚â€" First Opium War – 1839-1842 ï‚â€" Second Opium War – 1856-1860 ï‚â€" China was defeated in both wars leaving its government having to tolerate the opium trade. Unequal Treaties ï‚â€" Britain forced the Chinese government into signing the Treaty of Nanjing and the Treaty of Tianjin, also known as the Unequal Treaties. ï‚â€" Included provisions for the opening of additional ports to unrestricted foreign trade, for fixed tariffs; for the recognition of both countries as equal in correspondence. ï‚â€" Secession of Hong Kong to Britain. American Civil War ï‚â€" Was a civil war in the United States of America from 1861 to 1865. ï‚â€" Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). ï‚â€" The main cause of this civil war was on the issue of slavery. ï‚â€" President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that freed of 3.1 million of the nation’s 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced in Confederate territories. Seceding States ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina First Flag of the Confederate States of America Stars and Bars Great Seal of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States of America Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States of America Battle of Fort Sumter April 12–13, 1861 This event triggered the American Civil War Fort Sumter Flag Diamond-shaped star formation Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3, 1863 A Major Victory of the United States against the Confederacy Age of Enlightenment ï‚â€" The era in Western philosophy and intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. ï‚â€" At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals, and a strong belief in rationality and science. ï‚â€" The Enlightenment is held to be the source of critical ideas, such as the centrality of freedom, democracy, and reason as primary values of society. ï‚â€" This view argues that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the market mechanism and capitalism, the scientific method, religious tolerance, and the organization of states into self-governing republics through democratic means. Scientific Revolution ï‚â€" A period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of modern science. ï‚â€" The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell. ï‚â€" New discoveries and inventions were established during this period such as the Spinning Jenny, Cotton gin, and steam power led to the Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution ï‚â€" Economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. Literature ï‚â€" The new century opens with Romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism. Writers of the th 19 Century ï‚â€" Alexandre Dumas, pere – The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers ï‚â€" Charles Dickens – Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol ï‚â€" Victor Hugo – Les Miserables, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ï‚â€" Hans Christian Andersen – The Little Mermaid, Thumbelina, The Ugly Duckling ï‚â€" Johann ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" Wolfgang von Goethe – Faust Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin Émile Zola – J’accuse Arthur Conan Doyle – Sherlock Holmes Bram Stoker – Dracula Bram Stoker Nathaniel Hawthorne Harriet Beecher Stowe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Alexandre Dumas, pere Arthur Conan Doyle Hans Christian Andersen Charles Dickens Emile Zola Victor Hugo Significant Events in Spain during the 19th Century ï‚â€" The Peninsular War was an opportunity for the Spanish colonies to declare independence from Spain. ï‚â€" Spain lost all her colonies in Latin America except Cuba and Puerto Rico. Florida was sold to the United States. ï‚â€" The Cadiz Constitution was a defining moment of liberalism in Spain. This will also give way to tensions between the Conservatives and Liberals. ï‚â€" The situation in Spain grow worse due to the Carlist Wars. Peninsular War ï‚â€" Was a contest between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. ï‚â€" Rey Carlos IV, along with his prime minister Manuel de Godoy, kept on switching sides during the Peninsular War resulting from his abdication in favor of his son, future Rey Fernando VII. Peninsular Wars (cont.) ï‚â€" After Spain’s surrender in 1808, Napoleon installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain. ï‚â€" Joseph never had full control of Spain due to the little wars (guerilla). ï‚â€" Juan Martà ­n Dà ­ez was among the leading guerilla. He was named El Empecinado (The Undaunted). ï‚â€" In 1814, Rey Fernando VII returned to Spain and restored the Bourbon rule in Spain. The Second of May 1808 (The Charge of the Mamelukes) Francisco Goya Rey Carlos IV De Jure King of Spain Joseph Bonaparte De Facto King of Spain Juan Martà ­n Dà ­ez El Empecinado (The Undaunted) Manuel de Godoy Prà ­ncipe de la Paz Carlos IV’s Prime Minister Rey Fernando VII King of Spain upon Restoration Spanish Constitution of 1812 ï‚â€" Also known as Cadiz Constitution, was made by the Liberals of Spain during the Peninsular War. ï‚â€" Liberal deputies were in the majority, and they wanted: ï‚â€" Equality before the law ï‚â€" A centralized government ï‚â€" An efficient modern civil service ï‚â€" A reform of the tax system ï‚â€" The replacement of feudal privileges by freedom of contract ï‚â€" The recognition of the property owner’s right to use his property as he saw fit. Cadiz Constitution (cont.) ï‚â€" The Cortes of Cà ¡diz worked feverishly, and the first written Spanish constitution was promulgated in the city of Cà ¡diz on March 12, 1812. ï‚â€" The Constitution of 1812 is regarded as the first example of classic liberalism in Spain, and one of the first worldwide. ï‚â€" During the early nineteenth century it served as a model for liberal constitutions of several Mediterranean and Latin American nations. ï‚â€" Rey Fernando VII promised support on the new constitution. But he later repealed it, backed by Conservatives and the Roman Catholic Church, citing that the constitution made by a Cortes assembled in his absence and without his consent. Florida Purchase ï‚â€" In 1819, Spain was forced to sell Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars. Carlist Wars ï‚â€" From 1833 to 1876. ï‚â€" This splintered the country into two factions known as the Cristinos (or Isabelinos) and the Carlists. ï‚â€" The Cristinos were the supporters of the Queen Regent, Isabella II and her government. ï‚â€" The Carlists were the supporters of Carlos V, a pretender to the throne and brother of the deceased Ferdinand VII. Reina Isabella II Daugther of Fernando VII Infante Carlos, Conde de Molina Brother of Fernando VII The Rise of the Ilustrado Class ï‚â€" They are from the middle class ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" society. They were the children of wealthy landowners. They were educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. They were composed of nativeborn intellectuals and cut across ethno-linguistic and racial line. They sought reform through â€Å"a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power† under Spanish tutelage. Rapid Decline of Spanish Rule in the Philippines ï‚â€" Church power was at a decline in Europe and friars began pouring more to the Philippines. This proved to be problematic as friars gained more power. ï‚â€" More peninsulares began pouring into the colony and began occupying the various government positions traditionally held by the criollo or insulares. ï‚â€" The criollo or insulares, now almost disenfranchised from power, demanded representation in the Spanish Cortes where they could express their grievances.

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Professional Research Paper Help and What You Should Do Today

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Journal The Iroquois Creation Story - 1184 Words

Journal: The Iroquois Creation Story The Iroquois Creation Story, like other creation tales, signifies the struggle between that which is good and that which is evil. The tale illustrates the conflict between the twins, Enigorio, the good mind, and Enigonhahetgea, the bad mind. Additionally, The Iroquois Creation Story relies on the notion that humanity was birthed from a woman. As a Westerner, it is natural to compare any creation story to that which is familiar and most often the creation story found in one’s respective sacred texts. When comparing the Iroquois Creation Story to the creation story found in Genesis, the first book of the Holy Bible, similarities are abound. Perhaps the most obvious similarity is the committing of and consequences for sin. The initial sin that divided the lower world and upper world is not outlined in The Iroquois Creation Story. However, because of this division the content of the two worlds are comprised of contrasting elements. The text states that the â€Å"[t]he lower worl d was in great darkness; - the possession of the great monster; but the upper world was inhabited by mankind† (21). This is similar to the division between Earth and Hell. The consequences for sin as it relates to child bearing can be found in The Iroquois Creation Story and in Genesis. In Iroquois Creation Story, the text states that â€Å"[t]he woman was in a painful condition during the time of their disputes† (22). Similarly, Eve’s curse is relegated to her womb inShow MoreRelatedThe Iroquois Creation Myth1190 Words   |  5 PagesExegesis Many Native Americans tell stories of the creation of earth that explain how they came to be before the Europeans entered North America. Creation myths vary among all cultures; however, they all have one thing in common; heaven and earth. One of the most popular creation myths was the Iroquois creation myth. The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee meaning â€Å"People of the Longhouse† (Iroquois Indian Museum, n.d.) consists of six Indian nations that include the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, SenecaRead MoreEvolution Before Darwin1590 Words   |  7 Pagesexisted at one point in time) thousands, possibly millions, of stories on Earth. Stories that our innocent young selves were subjected to in elementary school that have influenced the way we see ourselves and those around us, more so than we would like to admit. Stories that our parents have read to us late at night willing us with their words of cats in hats and cows jumping over the moon to shut our eyelids and drift off to slee p, and stories that come and visit us in our dreams, usually only for a momentRead MoreColonial American Literature844 Words   |  4 Pagesthe beginning of great American Literature. American literature began with the formation of the thirteen colonies. The first books wereâ€Å"written to explain colonizing opportunities to Englishmen.† (Blair, Walter, Np) The English shared these stories in the written form with pen and paper. As time continued to pass, fewer books were written about the opportunities of colonization and focused instead on the separation from England. As the colonys population began to grow, so did the desire forRead MoreNative American Art : Understanding Native Oral Traditions3428 Words   |  14 Pagescome to us in form of stories passed down from their ancestors through generations. In order for the Native Americans to be completely understood their oral traditions must be studied and not cast aside as mere myths legends of an illiterate race. Problems often arise when we consider the use of verbal stories as a means of passing down knowledge due to the fact that over time we lose bits and pieces of a story. It definitely calls into question the reliability of the stories as accurate accounts